Friday, February 6, 2015

真实的美国生活,不要被传言误导!

真实的美国生活,不要被传言误导!

 
来源: 彷徨的鱼 于 2015-02-05 18:02:18 [档案] [博客] [旧帖] [给我悄悄话] 本文已被阅读:13611 次 (23919 bytes)
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  在美国上班:讲讲真正美国生活成本吧!

  首先要承认的是,美国的确比中国好,从经济,法律,社会治安,社会保障,基础设施,医疗水平等各方面上看,世界第一强国不是吹出来的,但是美国也不是像她的名字那么完美,也不是那些文章描述中的天堂。中国人过度迷信美国就是祸害子孙!下面我就几个比较著名的以讹传讹的例子进行说明。

  误导一:收入:
  美国人均工资四,五千美金一个月。
  美国的统计人均年薪是三万五千美金,这好比是高盛2009年人均薪酬77.5万美金,但是我认识的在会计部门工作的员工加奖金刚到10万美金,所以说人均是被拉起来的。律所,投行,基金,银行,医生等行业的薪资水平远高于其他行业,大城市的收入也会比中小城市和农村高一些。

  在纽约这样的大城市,一份正常行业白领工作的薪水在4.5-9万美金,但是由于税收很高,到手只有60-70%,可支配月收入在2.5k-4.5k之间,当然你家一堆孩子老婆又不上班的话可以退不少税回来,但是那样的日子是紧巴巴的,下面谈到教育的时候再详谈。

  大城市的服务业人员薪资在3.5-6万美金,而小城市的大部分人在沃尔玛这样的地方工作。一年收入大概3-4万,除去税和保险,一年也就2-3万,再除去生活费用,就算一年能存下1-2万。买个15万的房子(乡下)也要10年。当然这是中国人的算法,美国人是存不了一半的钱的。

  这样算来,一个月可支配收入在4K-5K是相当富裕的,在纽约这种地方除上述几个特殊行业,其他行业只有多年资历,做到中层管理及以上才能拿到这么多。小城市我就不知道要多久了。另外因为“玻璃天花板”的问题,并不是很多华人可以做上去,我认识的许多华人,工作到四五十岁了,还卡在8-12万的区间,这个收入养家糊口是不容易的。

  美国的奖金是按45%-50%交税的,工资税一般要交联邦税,州税和市税,加起来大概在25%-40%。所以说人均工资四五千的同学们,你来美国找一个这样的工作试试…

  误导二:房子:北京上海的房子比美国贵
  不要拿北京上海的房子和美国方圆50里不见一个人影的地方比。你要说上海市中心房子四万了,那我是不是应该拿曼哈顿中央公园旁边的房子出来比呢?那边两室一厅三室一厅动辄七八百万,上千万美金,有可比性吗?

  二十万美金的确可以买套别墅还带游泳池的,但这种地方是在中西部,去个最近的超市都要开车一个多小时。。。这样的房子放在大城市周围开车两小时能到的地方,至少三百万美金起。我们工薪阶层就不谈别墅了,纽约周边(不含曼哈顿,太贵不考虑)的两室一厅在40-100万美金左右,当然看区,也有30万的,在黑人区。。。

  买房后有一项重要开支我从没看见这些人提过(想想也是,人家是来美国旅游的,
  看看羡慕羡慕就走了,哪了解这么多。。。),那就是地产税。这个根据你房子的价值,所在区域的学校好坏而定,一般每年在六千到两万美金,更好的社区还有其他的管理费等。想想你住三十年,房产税就够再买一套一样的房子了。。。所以请比较房价的时候别忘记了这个重要支出。。。

  就算你工作很好,一年有10万收入,税和保险大概占到1/3,到手6-7万,一年极其抠门,可以存3-4万,那么大概需要将近20年的时间在纽约外围买一个两室一厅。

  再说租房子吧,我是住不起曼哈顿的,喜欢去酒吧的美国人往往愿意住在曼哈顿,这样凌晨回家比较方便。住在曼哈顿的往往是两室一厅把客厅隔出来然后三个人住,这样一个人分摊1.2k-1.6k的月租。纽约周边的房子稍便宜,合租的话每个人摊800-1.1K。这样算来,每个月三分之一到二分之一的钱就交房租了。

  前面说了,中小城市房价稍低,但问题是那些地方工作机会很少,除了低等体力劳动,外国人很难生存下去。绝大部分的第一代移民
  都还是在大城市周围的,所幸的是美国并没有结婚必须买房的习俗,大部分人都会到三四十岁才攒够首付,开始买房,还有许多人一辈子租房,到退休的时候去小地方买个房子养老,也是不错的选择

  误导三:车和交通:
  美国车极其便宜,且没过路费是,美国车是便宜,但是看到网上人说“买辆车最多30000美元――宝马”,“宝马Z4,报价29881美元”,我不知道是该哭还是该笑。可以去宝马店里问问嘛,看最后不花3万6能不能买到一辆最低端的宝马3系。二手车估计有可能…

  中国进口车100%关税,高档车当然比美国贵。但是像本田雅阁这样的本地车,美国出门价在28K-30K之间,差异没那么大了吧?最重要的是,赚钱的不是靠卖车,是靠养车。

  因为保险和维修费用才是大头,全保一年在2.5K-3.5K之间,修车就更贵了,换四个闸皮需要200-350美金左右,因为修日本车和美国车每小时人工就80美金了,欧洲车就更离谱了。

  例:我一个朋友的奔驰空调坏了,去修了一下花了三千美金,另一个朋友的宝马敞篷车去换了个篷花了两千美金,还有一个奥迪A4换了个前保险杠花了两千美金。

  至于过路费,说在美国开车从没遇到过收费站,我只能说作者就没靠近过大城市吧。。。纽约进城是八美元,其他高速也常有收费站,倒是不贵。但是美国的高速

  公路和中国的省道条件差不多,大城市周围的跟县级的差不多,相当毁车。在中国多年不见的大桥收费站我在美国倒见过几次。
  出租车,纽约是两块多起跳,具体怎么计价不知道,但我从公司打车回家二十多分钟,三十多块,当然还得给20%的小费。所以除非是去机场,否则公司不报销的时候我是绝不打车的。。。

  误导四:通讯:iPhone 299美元,手机免费拿
  iPhone的确是299美元,但是为啥到ebay就卖到七八百了呢?因为要签两年合同才能拿到,每个月是450分钟白天时间,500分钟晚上和周末时间,2G的数据流量,加上各种税费,每个月在80-110美金,算一下两年下来得多少钱。

  同理,许多手机是免费拿,但是最便宜的合同也要50多块一个月,两年下来,运营商早把钱赚回来了,呵呵~ebay上面的机器都是找非法移民去排队签合同骗回来的,因为他们没有信用记录所以也不怕影响以后买车买房的利率。。。

  然后又有人说了,美国话费便宜啊!用网络电话卡从美国打到中国每分钟只要几美分。是没错,但别偷换概念,给中国打是便宜,但有本事你在美国生活,只给中国打,不拨美国电话号码。。。

  误导五:上学:免费教育
  美国从小学到高中的确有全免费的公立学校,但问题是你敢不敢把你小孩儿送进去。我今年做过一个义工,是去曼哈顿一所公立高中给他们讲金融理财方面的基本知识,该校紧挨着中国城,我却没看到一个华裔学生,因为这里毕业率只有33%。当然也有不错的公立高中,但是第一要考试进去的,第二要看你住的地方在不在那个区,前面提过,好区的房子会贵很多,税也高,记得不?

  私立学校多少钱我不知道,听说跟大学差不多贵。然后说到美国的大学,排名前
  二十的四年下来光学费都得20-25万美金,普通美国人根本负担不起,想申请到奖学金非常困难,想问银行贷这么多钱也非常困难。而只有这些学校毕业出来,或者是名校MBA出来,才比较容易进去前面提到的那几个挣钱比较多的行业。所以这就是恶性循环:有钱人的孩子才能去读名校,然后出来进好的公司,继续做有钱人。当然也有穷人家孩子靠聪明奋发翻身的,但是总体来讲,美国的教育非常昂贵,穷人的孩子能做到中层管理就不错了。

  说到这里,你就知道挣10万美金的家庭想让孩子念名校进好公司有多么艰辛了。

  误导六:吃饭便宜
  美国和欧洲/国内的一个巨大不同是,处处要交税,处处给小费。吃饭的小费一般是16%-20%,当然麦当劳这样的快餐不用。然而你来这边看到天天吃垃圾食品人都长成什么样的时候,就会彻底打消去吃快餐的准备了。午餐随便吃点健康的东西至少要8-10美元,去趟普通餐馆人均在18-40美元,所以很多美国人中午都是带饭吃的,两片面包夹一片火腿一片芝士一片西红柿两片生菜叶子,就是一顿饭。
  遍布美国的街头中餐外卖店基本是最便宜的能吃饱的办法,一般5-7美元吃得很饱,然而味精很多,原料也不太新鲜。虽然做饭吃会便宜不少,但是大城市的节奏太快,花在交通上的时间也长,所以很多人还是选择买饭吃。。。

  误导七:电器和日用品便宜
  美国电器和日用品的确便宜,但问题是:除去上面说的房子,车子,通讯,吃饭等,还能剩多少钱买电器和日用品?Levis的牛仔裤的确30多美金就可以买到,但你一年需要几条呢?美国需要花钱的地方太多了…

  有人提出“松下54等离子平板电视,1499.99美元,
  以美国人的收入,月工资可以买两、三个。”,首先月收入能买两三个的肯定去买LCD或LED了,谁还买等离子;其次月工资能买两三个的还真的不多。。。且有线电视很贵的,每个月基本的plan需要税后40块左右,有人说也有10块的plan,好吧,你其实找根金属线把电视接在暖气管上也能收到那几个台的,而且还能收到一堆西班牙语高清晰频道!

  有人提出“干洗,所有衣服每件2.99美元。”这不知道是哪个地方促销吧,我的西裤是3美元干洗,西装11美元,羽绒服。。。您还是回国再买一件吧,比干洗便宜一些。。。

  有人提出“Kirkland
  Signature牛仔裤,每条12.99元”。首先进去COSTCO要每年50美元的会员费,然后这种牛仔裤和国内集镇80块人民币一条的质量相似,最后仔细去翻的话会发现没有你穿的号,即使有,你试试看,是不是裆特别大…

  有人提出“阿迪耐克15到30刀”,15块的我还没见过,30块的有,要么巨难看要么没号,你愿意穿出去的大概在50-70美金,真没比国内打折的时候便宜多少。
事实就这样,一点不夸张!

Monday, February 2, 2015

Stocks and Taxes: What You Have to Pay, When

[1] Stocks and Taxes: What You Have to Pay, When
[2] How Much Taxes Do I Have to Pay on Stocks if I Sell?

Below is from [1].

If you play the stock market (if you’re no longer shell shocked by the volatility of the past couple of years) you may want to know a little about the taxability of your securities transactions.

Capital Gains Tax

Any profit you enjoy from the sale of a stock held for at least a full year is taxed at the long-term capital gains rate, which is lower than the rate applied to your other taxable income.  It’s 15% if you are in a 25% or higher tax bracket and only 5% if you are in the 15% or lower tax bracket. Profits from stocks held for less than a year are taxed at your ordinary income tax rate.

Ordinary dividends earned on your stock holdings are taxed at regular income tax rates, not at capital gains rates. However, “qualified dividends” are taxed at a very advantageous capital gains rate of 0% to a maximum of 15%. For dividends to be classified as “qualified” they must be paid by a U.S. corporation or a qualified foreign corporation and the holding period of the stock must be more than 60 days. There are plenty of other exceptions and definitions, so check with your broker or tax advisor to see if the dividends for your stock holdings are “qualified.” Dividends on stock held in a qualified retirement plan are not taxable income.

I believe Congress enacted the lower capital gains rate to drive investment. After all, most tax laws are passed as a form of directing social behaviors. Be sure to follow what happens to the capital gains rate during the course of the next several months. President Obama has thrown out the idea of raising the capital gains tax rate many times, although nothing has happened yet. In fact, at this writing, the talk is that the current rates will remain in effect for the next two years. If that doesn’t happen and as a year-end tax tip, I advise you to sell appreciated stock held more than a year while the lower rates are in effect.

Stock Sales

When determining your profit from a stock sale, it’s important to understand not only the formula, but the meaning of the variables in the formula. Certain circumstances applied to the variables can reduce your tax liability when you sell. Many taxpayers believe they must pay taxes on the full amount of the check they receive from the sale--not true. You can subtract your basis.

The formula is: Sales Proceeds – Basis = Taxable Profit or Deductible Loss

Sale proceeds can be reduced by commissions paid to the broker.

Basis is the cost of the stock plus any reinvested dividends and commissions paid for acquisition. If you inherited the stock, the basis is the fair-market value of the stock on the date of the decedent’s death or the alternate valuation date. If the stock was received as a gift, the basis is the lower of the fair-market value or the basis of the donor at the time the gift was made.

The Wash Rule

Many investors benefit from selling a stock in a losing position to offset a gain, then turn around and buy the stock right back.

However, the IRS will not allow an investor to claim a capital loss if you sell a stock and buy it back within 30 days. The “wash rule” prevents you from claiming a loss on a sale of stock if you buy replacement stock within the 30 days before or after the sale and you will lose the offset.

Capital Losses

One of the big limitations in stock investing is the amount of losses you are allowed to deduct on your tax return. If you sell stocks at a loss, you may deduct only $3,000 per year; the remainder of the loss is carried forward to future years. You may apply capital losses against capital gains in the current and future years to net out the overall profit or loss.

Deductible Investment Expenses

A tax deduction often overlooked by investors is the cost of management fees paid to brokers, usually for management of mutual fund accounts or for advisory services. You may deduct these fees as an investment expense on Schedule A of your tax return. Some brokerage 1099s or year-end statements will state the total for the year, but many do not. You may have to call your broker to find out how much you paid.

Audit Taxpayers oftentimes forget about a stock sale when compiling their income tax return, which results in the IRS sending a CP-2000 letter. The letter is about 12-pages long and somewhere in the middle is a listing of omitted items and a calculation of the tax liability on those items. If you receive one showing an omitted stock sale, don’t just pay the tax bill. The IRS only knows about the stock sale; they have no clue as to what your basis in the stock is. Remember the formula earlier? You may actually have taken a loss on the stock and that means no tax liability whatsoever. In fact, you may be entitled to a refund. So call the phone number on the front of the letter and let them know that you will amend that tax return.

However, beginning Jan. 1, 2011 as a part of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, brokerage firms will be required to report the cost basis and gain/loss information to the IRS on their form 1099, which will be issued in 2012. This will streamline the tax preparation process considerably and result in accurate CP-2000 letters being sent to taxpayers. It will also cut down on the number of amended tax returns that need to be filed as a result of omitting stock sales.